## measurements of biodiversity slideshare

Measurements of canopy cover can now be easily and precisely made through image processing of high-resolution digital photography. 1973. The distance can be seen as the length of the path connecting these two organisms along the branches of a phylogenetic tree. For large values of $S$ this distribution depends only on the parameter $k$. It should be noted that, unless the number of species increases linearly with the sample size, the parameter $x$ depends on the sample size. 1. 1. Biodiversity underpins all life on Earth, and refers to biological variety in all its forms, from the genetic make up of plants an animals to cultural diversity. THE PRESSURE-STATE-RESPONSE FRAMEWORK 11 4. 1943. $n_1=Ck, \; n_2= Ck(1-k), \; n_3=Ck(1-k-k(1-k))=Ck(1-k)^2, …., \; n_S=Ck(1-k)^{(S-1)}$. The species-abundance relation can be visualized in different ways (Fig. These three types of indices can be used on different spatial scales [1]: 1. Journal of Animal Ecology 12: 42-58, Preston, F.W. For an overview of contributions by this author see. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. biodiversity defines the urgent need to supply reliable and scientifically sound data on the rate and direction of change of biodiversity, even at a global scale, i.e. A closer examination of near-term (2020–50) rates paints a similar picture. nutrient concentration, product formation, biomass concentration) can be measured in the laboratory i.e. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. [/math], $H' \approx -((1-k)/k) \ln(1-k) -\ln(k)$, $P = N!/(n_1! Summations over [math]i, j$ are from 1 to $S$ with $i\lt j$ because the path length for two individuals of the same species is zero. $\alpha\,x \, , \quad \Large\frac{\alpha\, x^2}{2} \, , \frac{\alpha\, x^3}{3} , \, …..\, , \frac{\alpha\, x^{n_S}}{n_S} \qquad$ or $\qquad s(j)= \Large\frac{\alpha\, x^j}{j} \normalsize , \; j=1, …, n_S , \qquad (11)$, where $s(j)$ is the number of species present with $j$ individuals in the sampled community. Relative abundance is the percent composition of an organism of a particular kind relative to the total number of organisms in the area. Shannon C. E. and Weaver W. 1949. Measurements . This distribution satisfies the condition $N = \sum_{i=1}^S n_i$. The carbon isotope record in Fig. Rev. The rank-abundance plot (see also Fig. beyond the boundaries of ecosystems, countries and cultures. Wilson If all the individuals belong to the same species there are no distinct equivalent permutations, i.e. Theory and Concepts. This index is measure of pure taxonomic relatedness, $\Delta^* = \Large\frac{ \sum\sum_{i\lt j} \, \omega_{ij} n_i n_j}{\sum\sum_{i\lt j} \, n_i n_j}\normalsize . \approx n_S \ln(n_S) \approx (N/ \alpha)(\ln(N)-\ln(\alpha))$, $n_1=Ck, \; n_2= Ck(1-k), \; n_3=Ck(1-k-k(1-k))=Ck(1-k)^2, …., \; n_S=Ck(1-k)^{(S-1)}$, $N = \sum_{i=1}^S n_i = Ck\sum_{i=1}^S (1-k)^{(i-1)} = C(1-(1-k)^S)$, Magurran, A. E. 2004. [/math], The Shannon-Wiener index for the log-normal distribution (Eq. $H_1 = \lim_{\epsilon \to 0} (1 + \epsilon \sum_{i=1}^S p_i \ln p_i)^{-1/\epsilon} = \exp(-\sum_{i=1}^S p_i \ln p_i)$. . Océanogr.) Another interpretation of the Shannon-Wiener index is: the mean number of digits required for describing the probability $p_i$ to find $n_i$ individuals of species $i$ in the sample of $N$ individuals. Journal of Applied Ecology 35 (4): 523-531, Petchey O.L. The Periodic Table of Elements; Geological Time; Measurements and the Metric System \approx n_i\, \ln(n_i) [/math], $\ln(P) \approx N \, \ln(N) – n_1 \, \ln(n_1) – n_2\, \ln(n_2) - ….. n_S \, \ln(n_S)$, $\ln(P) \approx -N \sum_{i=1}^{S} p_i \, \ln(p_i)$, $H'= - \sum_{i=1}^S p_i \ln(p_i)$, $p_i^a \to p_i+\epsilon \large\frac{d}{d \epsilon} p_i^{1+\epsilon}\normalsize \approx p_i + \epsilon p_i \ln p_i$, $H_1 = \lim_{\epsilon \to 0} (1 + \epsilon \sum_{i=1}^S p_i \ln p_i)^{-1/\epsilon} = \exp(-\sum_{i=1}^S p_i \ln p_i)$, $n_i=n_S+1-i, \quad x_i=\alpha \sum_{j=n_S+1-i}^{n_S} (x^j/j)$, $N=\sum_{i=1}^{n_S} n_i \Delta x_i$, $\Delta x_i=x_i-x_{i-1}=\alpha x^j/j, \; j=n_S+1-i, \; x_0=0$, $H'=- \sum_{i=1}^{n_S} \Delta x_i (n_i/N) \ln(n_i/N)=\ln(N)-(\alpha/N)\sum_{j=1}^{n_S} x^j \ln(j)$, $\sum_{j=1}^{n_S} x^j \ln(j) \approx \sum_{j=1}^{n_S} \ln(j) = \ln(n_S!) Species abundance has been recorded in using appropriate and comparable units. In this case the Shannon-Wiener index is given by [math]H' \approx -((1-k)/k) \ln(1-k) -\ln(k)$. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index is a measure of the information (in fact, the 'lack of information', or 'uncertainty' or 'information entropy') represented by a sample, where information is defined as the minimum length of a string of digits necessary to describe the sample. Take $a=1+\epsilon$ and $\epsilon \to 0$, then $p_i^a \to p_i+\epsilon \large\frac{d}{d \epsilon} p_i^{1+\epsilon}\normalsize \approx p_i + \epsilon p_i \ln p_i$. Introduced species and biodiversity. With this definition, a measure of the information entropy in a large sample is given by the logarithm of the number $P$ of all different permutations of individuals that give the same distribution of individuals over species. The potential effects of functional diversity on productivity have been described by two qualitatively different models, reviewed in Tilman (1999).The first is the sampling effect model, simultaneously proposed in 1997 by three different authors (L. Aarssen; M. Huston; and D. Tilman, C. Lehman, and K. Thomson). The Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Biodiversity Forum convened representatives from the public, private, and non-profit sectors in Mombasa, Kenya, in 2000 to discuss using biodiversity to strengthen livelihoods (Emerton and Maganya, 2000). If $P$ is large, the sample can be ordered in many distinct equivalent ways and thus has a low information content (= high information entropy = high diversity). Preston [16] first suggested to use a log-normal distribution for the description of species-abundances distributions. The Sputnik 1 launch elicited interesting reactions, most of which turned out to be wron… All the different ways in which $N$ individuals can be distributed in numbers $n_1, n_2, …, n_S$ for the species $1, 2, …., S$ are equivalent and thus provide no additional information about the sample. This gives $\ln(P) \approx N \, \ln(N) – n_1 \, \ln(n_1) – n_2\, \ln(n_2) - ….. n_S \, \ln(n_S)$. London: Academic Express. Biodiversity Data Journal (BDJ) is a community peer-reviewed, open access, comprehensive online platform, designed to accelerate publishing, dissemination and sharing of biodiversity-related data of any kind. "The ecological community can be separated into two components. This index includes aspects of taxonomic relatedness and evenness, $\Delta = \Large\frac{ \sum\sum_{i\lt j} \, \omega_{ij} \, n_i n_j}{N(N-1)/2}\normalsize , \qquad (8)$. Ecological diversity. It gives genetic variation within a population or varieties within one species. The total number of species $S= \sum_{j=1}^{n_S} s(j)=\alpha \sum_{j=1}^{n_S} (x^j / j)$ for a large sample with many species can be approximated by, $S \approx \alpha \sum_{j=1}^{\infty} x^j / j = - \alpha \, \ln(1-x) . The distribution specifies the number of species [math]s(y)dy$ that may be expected with abundances $n$ in the interval $[y,y+dy]$; it is given by, $s(y)dy = \Large\frac{S}{\sigma \sqrt{\pi /2}}\normalsize \, \exp(-\Large\frac{(y-\mu)^2}{2 \sigma^2}\normalsize) \, dy , \qquad (14)$. 2a. Measurement of diversity. ] proposed a method for quantifying functional diversity measures, however, complete inventories all. { \sqrt { N } \normalsize interest are used FRAMEWORK 9 3 assume that species with the Eon! Change 13 Chapter 21: Conservation and biodiversity ( \ln ( n_i! ]. These distributions are overlaid, producing the negative exponential distribution is not very often in! 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